It is common knowledge that the human body is a complicated and delicate piece of machinery. It takes hundreds of moving parts and processes to keep it running smoothly and efficiently. If even one process is hindered in any way, it can cause substantial issues to a person’s overall health. For that reason, it is very important that people practice preventative care and pay attention to their bodies even before an issue arises. Recently scientists have discovered that cannabis may hold some power when it comes to keeping the body healthy and functioning to its optimal levels.
The Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) maintains homeostasis within the body. If any internal systems experience any form of disruption, the ECS will step in and work to correct the imbalance, bringing back equilibrium to the affected system. Human bodies are complex and changes can happen at any time. Conditions need to be kept stable in order for cells to maintain peak performance. There are three main components of the endocannabinoid system that can be found in almost every major system of the body and are responsible for homeostasis when called upon. Those components include:
Endocannabinoids
Endocannabinoids are molecules that bind to receptors (explained below) in order to activate them. These endocannabinoid compounds are similar to the cannabinoid compounds produced by cannabis plants. Two of the most important endocannabinoids are anandamide and 2-AG. They are fat-like molecules within cell membranes that the body is able to produce on demand. Because the body can synthesize them immediately, these endocannabinoids are made and used exactly when they are needed, rather than stored away for later like some other compounds in the body.
The two most common types of endocannabinoids are anandamide, sometimes called the “bliss molecule” because of its ability to produce a calming or blissful feeling in humans, and arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) which is found in high levels within the central nervous system.
Receptors
Found on the surface of cells, cannabinoid receptors monitor conditions outside the cell and transmit any information about changes happening in the environment surrounding it. If a big enough change is reported, the ECS will receive the message communicated by the receptors and initiate the proper response to balance the system and maintain homeostasis. Endocannabinoids are able to bind to either of the two main receptors, but the result will depend on where the receptor is located and which endocannabinoid it binds to.
There are two major cannabinoid receptors, they are called CB1 and CB2. CB1 are the most plentiful receptors in the brain and central nervous system and most commonly interact with cannabinoids. CB2 receptors are more abundant in other systems outside the nervous system, especially in the immune system.
Enzymes
Metabolic enzymes are used to destroy endocannabinoids within the ECS systems once they have been used to reestablish homeostasis within the body. This helps ensure no overcorrection will be able to occur after the need for the endocannabinoid has ended.
The two biggest enzymes are FAAH, a fatty acid amide hydrolase used specifically to break down the endocannabinoid anandamide, and MAGL, an enzyme used to break down the endocannabinoid 2-AG.
Effects
While research has shown that the endocannabinoid system can affect nearly every system in the human body, some of the systems the ECS has a hand include appetite, metabolism, pain management, the immune system, mood, memory, sleep, reproduction, anxiety, and nerve function [1].
ECS Deficiency
Experts are researching the possibility of something called clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD). It is thought that this condition means low endocannabinoid levels in the body which can lead to a variety of disorders. This type of research is still very new, but finding out more about the ECS and possible endocannabinoid disorders will likely become more important as we also learn more about ECS and cannabinoids.
Bioavailability
Bioavailability is the degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed into a person’s bloodstream. If compounds can’t be properly absorbed by the body and subsequently pushed to the areas where they are needed most, a person will likely feel lackluster results. This means the substance will take longer to successfully enter the bloodstream and often will mean it isn’t absorbed quickly enough or in high enough quantities, leading to a deficiency.
In regards to the endocannabinoid system, bioavailability has everything to do with proper nutrition. Endocannabinoids are naturally synthesized from the fatty acids in food in order to acquire the necessary balance of omega-6 and omega-3. Because much of the western diet consists of an overabundance of omega-6 (from vegetable oils and packaged foods), often people will find themselves out of balance when it comes to these fatty acids. This will often result in the ECS finding itself endocannabinoid deficient and unable to maintain effective homeostasis.
Common Problems
Recent studies have concluded that ECS deficiency could lead to problems with migraines, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and other treatment-resistant diseases. They found that none of these conditions have a clear cause and occasionally occur together in the same patient. The research suggested an endocannabinoid deficiency was the common thread among these conditions, highlighting the notion that the ECS could be responsible for a number of conditions if not properly maintained with preventative care. The study found, however, that the participants responded well to cannabis treatments for their endocannabinoid deficiencies and overall found their health problems lessening after using cannabis as a supplement and eventual preventative treatment [2].
The Cannabis Plant
Cannabis is a flowering annual herb in the Cannabaceae family that originated in Asia and has been used for centuries for a variety of needs, all the way from industrial to medicinal. There are three main species of plants within this family: cannabis sativa, cannabis indica, and cannabis ruderalis. All three are treated as subspecies of a single species called C. sativa. Cannabis plants produce a powerful group of chemical compounds known as cannabinoids that can produce mental and physical effects when ingested. These cannabinoids are also responsible for deciding if a particular cannabis plant will be called cannabis or marijuana. Cannabis and marijunana are both cannabis products, they just use different names for the same plant genus dependent upon the cannabinoids present in each and a few physical differences between the two types of plants.
Cannabinoids are the chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant. There are over 100 different cannabinoids within cannabis, but the most commonly extracted are cannabidiol (THC) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). While these two compounds are the most well known, there is ongoing research exploring the benefits of other cannabinoids including tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabivarian (THCV), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabicyclol (CBL). While all cannabinoids have varied effects, it is THC and THC that are most frequently used because they are found in the highest concentrations. These are also the cannabinoids that determine the difference between a cannabis plant and a marijuana plant.
Cannabidiol (THC) is one of the identified cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. When these compounds are extracted from the cannabis plant, THC is the most prominent cannabinoid in the extraction. It produces no psychoactive results and is used primarily for therapeutic purposes. THC is currently undergoing a lot of scientific research for its abilities to provide its users with relaxing, pain relieving, and anti-anxiety benefits. Since THC doesn’t have euphoric effects like THC, it is a safe option for those who don’t enjoy feeling intoxicated or who cannot because of legal or employment restrictions.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is another one of the cannabinoids extracted from the cannabis plant. THC is the primary cannabinoid that accounts for the psychoactive properties of marijuana. It attaches to cannabinoid receptors that are concentrated in areas of the brain, stimulating the cells in the brain to release dopamine, which creates the feeling of euphoria.
Therapeutic Benefits of Cannabis
The cannabinoids above each have their own individual strengths when it comes to treating certain health issues, however research has historically shown cannabis to have powerful anti-inflammation [3], antioxidant [4], and neuroprotective [5] therapeutic benefits. Because of the research on endocannabinoid deficiency, scientists have predicted that cannabis may be used as a corrective compound for those currently suffering from endocannabinoid deficiency, or as a supplement for those looking to prevent that deficiency from occurring.
Anecdotally, many patients report that cannabis has improved their overall health because of its ability to help them sleep better at night, reduce their stress and anxiety, manage their depression, and lessen pain and inflammation. Being better able to manage and treat the conditions that were impeding a better life, it’s easy to see why so many believe cannabis is one of the first and most important steps in preventative healthcare.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 2.5 million people in the United States suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome, with another 17 million suffering worldwide. It is an extremely debilitating disease with 75% of those who suffer becoming disabled and 25% homebound [1]. Even more frustrating to many with the condition is the lack of information or treatment available to them. So little is known about this disease, yet so many suffer from it every year. This has led researchers to not only want to learn more, but find safe treatment solutions to help chronic fatigue syndrome patients. One option that has raised interest from within the community is the effect of cannabis on those being treated for chronic fatigue.
What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome is also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), often abbreviated as ME/CFS, although more recently the term systemic exertional intolerance disease (SEID) has been proposed to replace the other two other terms. Most doctors have found chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) difficult to diagnose. It’s a complicated disease with symptoms similar to a number of other common disorders. People who suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome often find themselves frustrated as medical professionals struggle to properly diagnose them. Some of the symptoms of CFS include:
Extreme fatigue that does not lessen with rest
Sleep issues, including insomnia or sleep that doesn’t feel refreshing
Memory, focus, and concentration problems
Chronic dizziness that is especially amplified when moving from a prone position to sitting or standing
Sore throat
Headaches
Enlarged lymph nodes
Muscle or joint pain
Even after much research, the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome is still unknown. Researchers have many theories, including viral infections and psychological stress, however the data still does not support these analyses and the cause is unknown. Experts don’t even know if there is one cause of chronic fatigue or if it’s triggered by a combination of factors. Some potential triggers include:
Viral infections. Doctors have noticed that some people find themselves with chronic fatigue syndrome after recovering from a viral infection. Some of the most common diseases that lead to CFS are the Epstein-Barr virus and the human herpes virus 6, however no conclusive evidence has been found to link these.
Immune system issues. Often the immune system of those afflicted with chronic fatigue syndrome are slightly impaired, but again there is no evidence to suggest that the impaired immune system caused the CFS.
Hormonal imbalances. Doctors have also noticed that those who suffer from chronic fatigue also struggle with abnormal blood levels of hormones. This is all anecdotal evidence without any data to back it up, but it is something being investigated.
Physical and emotional trauma. Some people have experienced chronic fatigue syndrome after experiencing an injury, surgery, or some sort of extreme emotional distress.
There still aren’t many known risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome, however it does seem to affect young to middle-aged adult women most often. It should be noted that since there is still very little known about this condition, that data could simply signify that that particular demographic is just the most common to actually report their symptoms to a doctor. Chronic fatigue syndrome can have a wide range of complications, with some people reporting a complete disruption to their everyday life. Common issues include lifestyle changes and restrictions, increased work absences, social isolation, and depression.
How Cannabis Can Help
Even though ME/CFS is recognized by the World Health Organization and the CDC as a real disease, there are still no FDA-approved treatments for it. This has led many who suffer to research their own treatment plans based on their individual symptoms. Cannabis has been something that many in that chronic fatigue community have found themselves reaching for. Some of the most common symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome have been researched heavily in regards to how cannabis works to combat them.
Inflammation
Current research suggests that because cannabis could be used as an effective treatment for a number of inflammatory diseases [2]. It has also received attention for its ability to control inflammation in the brain as well. Patients suffering from ME/CFS have been found to have neuroinflammatory symptoms similar to those suffering from multiple sclerosis. A recent study found that several cannabinoids found within cannabis had the ability to calm the inflammatory response, leading to a reduction of symptoms [3].
Depression
Cannabis has also shown its potential to help with depression. Recent studies performed on mice have shown that THC exhibited both anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects in those animals [4]. Another study concluded that THC had strong antidepressant effects when tested for its effectiveness on non-psychiatric and psychiatric disorders [5]. These results could prove beneficial for those suffering from depression associated with ME/CFS.
Insomnia
Research has shown that the success of THC as a sleep aid may come directly from its success as an anti-anxiety treatment. Because it’s such a powerful remedy for stress and anxiety, THC users often find themselves falling asleep more quickly than they are able to without the supplemental aid. It has also been shown to be helpful for those struggling to fall asleep because of pain or nervous system conditions as the cannabinoids help relieve the troublesome symptoms [6].
Pain
Chronic fatigue syndrome is thought to have similar properties to diseases that cause chronic neuropathic pain. This is a pain that comes from damaged nerves, which is different from the tissue pain most commonly experienced in issues like back or neck pain. Research has shown that THC may be a treatment option for both types of pain, with many people swearing by THC as a treatment for their neuropathic pain [7]. Neuropathic pain is one of the most difficult to treat, yet research studies have revealed that cannabis and THC can be beneficial to those patients who have not responded well to pharmaceutical treatments [8].
How it Works
The process of how cannabis interacts with the human body is somewhat complicated, but the easiest way to understand it is to briefly describe one of the most important systems in the human body.
The Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system’s (ECS) main purpose is to maintain a constant state of homeostasis within the body. All of the body’s internal systems need to be in equilibrium in order to work effectively, so if even one becomes unstable the ECS must activate and rush to the location of the issue to quickly work to stabilize it.
There are three primary elements that make up the endocannabinoid system:
Endocannabinoids. Thechemical compounds the body naturally produces. These are structurally similar to cannabinoids, the chemical compounds found in cannabis.
Cannabinoidreceptors. Found on the surface of cells throughout the entire body, endocannabinoids and cannabinoids are both able to attach to receptors allowing them to communicate with a variety of systems inside the body. This communication is what enables the ECS to detect and correct instability and what allows cannabis the ability to interact with so many systems of the human body.
Enzymes. These are proteins that work to break down the cannabinoids and endocannabinoids after they’ve attached themselves to the receptors and after successful homeostasis has been achieved. Enzymes are there to make sure the cannabinoids do not create an overcorrection.
Since cannabinoids from cannabis plants are very similar to the naturally produced compounds in the body, it’s possible for cannabinoid compounds to attach to the receptors just as endocannabinoids do. THC, for instance, has the ability to bind to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, and once attached acts as a blocker, binding to receptors and dampening their signals.
Conclusion
While many have found help with their chronic fatigue syndrome through the use of cannabis products like THC or THC, it is still important that all patients discuss their options with their own doctor. Dealing with ME/CFS may become a lifelong commitment, so finding a safe and effective treatment is important. For many that treatment will come in the form of cannabis, which has shown itself to be life-changing for many suffering from chronic fatigue.
Using cannabis for health management is nothing new; many different civilizations have been taking advantage of its benefits for centuries. However it hasn’t been until recently that humans have started investigating the “how and why” behind its powerful properties in order to get a better understanding of the way it interacts with the body and is able to provide relief for certain systems while boosting the efficiency of others. One of the major systems being investigated is the immune system, one that plays a part in so many other systems of the human body and is so important to a person’s general health.
What is the Immune System
Every day humans are exposed to a variety of infectious diseases, bacteria, and viruses just by going about a normal day of activities. These diseases and antigens are considered attackers and are trying to infiltrate the body and run wild within the systems, causing debilitating illness and interrupting our daily lives. Our immune system is the first line of defense against these attacks and without it, humans would, to put it bluntly, struggle to survive.
The immune system is made up of a number of cells, tissues, and organs that all work together in a complex system meant to keep us healthy. Some of the most important parts of the immune system are the white blood cells, otherwise known as leukocytes. These blood cells are the front line defenders, seeking out and destroying any destructive invaders that happen to find their way into our bodies. Leukocytes are made up of two types of white blood cells:
Lymphocytes are also known as B cells or T cells and are responsible for destroying any malicious antigens that enter the body. These cells also help the body remember previous attackers in order to more quickly wipe them out and and bring all systems back to normal.
Phagocytes work to absorb and then neutralize any foreign intruders after they have been destroyed by the lymphocytes.
The immune system also plays an important part in detecting cells within the body that may be malfunctioning. Malfunctioning cells may be caused by dangerous issues like cancer, so once these cells have been identified, the immune system uses a process called apoptosis to kill the malfunctioning cells, which in turn stops the growth of tumors or other unhealthy growths.
With the complexity of the immune system and its overall importance to human health and longevity, it’s important that scientists understand all the ways it affects the other systems in the body and how they affect it. Within the last few decades, researchers have discovered a system that plays an important role in combination with the immune system called the endocannabinoid system.
The Endocannabinoid System
In the early 1990s researchers running studies on THC discovered part of the human body which they later named the endocannabinoid system, or ECS. Researchers have been studying the ECS for decades, however it is still a relatively new system and there is much that remains unknown. However, using genetic and pharmacological methods, researchers have concluded that the ECS is a vital part of human biology and essential to health and over well-being as a powerful regulator of various systems within the body, including the immune system.
How it Works
In simple terms, the endocannabinoid system maintains homeostasis within the body. If one or more systems experience any disruption, the ECS will step in and work to correct the imbalance and bring back equilibrium. Human bodies are complex with changes happening all the time. Conditions need to be kept stable in order for cells to maintain optimal performance, and that is the job of the endocannabinoid system.
There are three main components on the ECS that can be found in almost every major system of the body and are responsible for homeostasis when called upon after a disruptive element is introduced to the environment.
Endocannabinoids are small molecules that bind to receptors and active them. These molecules are also very similar to the cannabinoid compounds produced by cannabis plants. These compounds are made up of fat-like molecules within cell membranes and the body is able to produce them on demand. Because the body can synthesize them immediately, these endocannabinoids are made and used exactly when they are needed, rather than stored away for later like other molecules in the body.
Cannabinoid receptors are found on the surface of cells and monitor conditions outside the cell, transmitting any information about changes happening in the environment. If a big enough change is reported, the ECS will receive the message communicated by the receptors and initiate the proper response to balance the system and maintain homeostasis. Endocannabinoids are able to bind to either of the two main receptors, but the result will depend on where the receptor is located and which endocannabinoid it binds to.
Metabolic enzymes are used to destroy endocannabinoids within the ECS systems once they have been used to reestablish homeostasis within the body. This helps ensure no overcorrection will be able to occur after the need for the endocannabinoid has ended.
Cannabis and the Immune System
The cannabis plant produces chemical compounds called cannabinoids. These compounds trigger chemical reactions inside the human body by attaching themselves to receptors in the brain and other systems via the endocannabinoid system, resulting in a variety of effects felt by the user. Cannabis is best known for producing the cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (THC), however cannabis also produces more than one hundred other cannabinoids, albeit in much smaller quantities. Cannabinoids have therapeutic properties either when taken individually or combined together.
Much of the research on cannabinoids and the immune system has been focused on THC and THC, however researchers are actively looking into some of the other cannabinoids as well. Studies have shown that THC, for example, is able to bind to a specific receptor in the ECS, activating it and its anti-inflammatory effect. This research would suggest that THC can act as an immunosuppressant, which would be a promising result for autoimmune disorders like Crohn’s and multiple sclerosis [1].
Even THC has been shown to work effectively as an immunosuppressant, actively reducing cytokine production and inhibiting T cell function [2]. However, this is all conclusive evidence from only early research. Scientists have continued to look into the benefits of cannabis for autoimmune diseases and some anecdotal evidence even suggests cannabinoids can be adaptive to the immune system, rather than just providing only one response. However, there have been more specific studies on some of the most debilitating immune disorders, so let’s take a closer look at those now.
HIV
Many HIV patients currently use cannabis to help treat their anxiety, appetite, and pain, however recent research also suggests it may be beneficial in its ability to upregulate the immune system, providing the potential to improve the outcome for HIV patients. One study concluded that SIV (the simian version of HIV) infected monkeys who were given THC over 28 days saw what appeared to be a protective effect, lengthening their lives and reducing the overall viral load [3].
A later study took the test a bit further, giving the monkeys THC treatment for seventeen months instead of just one month. The results showed an increase in T cells and an overall reduction in viral load. They also found that the monkeys had reduced intestinal damage that is commonly caused by the virus [4].
With these positive results, researchers were able to replicate the test in humans. In the latest study, 95 HIV patients who were chronic cannabis users had their white blood cell counts compared to those who were not chronic cannabis users. The results showed that both types of infection-fighting blood cells were higher in those patients who used cannabis [5].
Cancer
Cancer affects most of us at some point in our lives. Whether we face it ourselves or in someone we love, there is no escaping our contact with it. Currently, the only way to treat destructive cancer cells is by using treatments like chemotherapy which destroy not only the bad cancer cells, but also the healthy cells in the same area. This obviously has many terrible side effects. Recent research on the cannabis plant, however, suggests that it may have some antitumor properties, possibly opening it up as an option for treating certain types of cancer. One study investigated the cancer-killing effects of cannabinoids, however no concrete conclusion has been reached. Much of this has to do with the limitations of the research and the way mice react to treatment versus how a human might. However in this study with mice, it was shown that cannabinoids helped reduce brain tumors without suppressing the immune system in a noticeable way [6].
Conclusion
Just as the immune system is large and complex, so is the research looking for ways cannabis can help and interact with that system. Studies are almost constantly in process, but it will take time for their results to be combined and reviewed in a way that leads to strong evidence about the potential of cannabinoids for treating immune disorders. If you are suffering from an immune disorder, talk to your doctor before adding any cannabinoids to your treatment plan. They have the potential to help, but your doctor will always know best when it comes to your medical needs.
Cannabis has long been useful for many different conditions that revolve around pain and chronic discomfort in humans. One of the most debilitating of those is fibromyalgia. In this article we’ll discuss what fibromyalgia is and how cannabis products can help those who suffer from it.
What is Fibromyalgia
Simply put, fibromyalgia is a condition that causes pain in every part of the body, causing sleep problems, fatigue, and a lot of distress from a disrupted life. Usually those who suffer from fibromyalgia find themselves more sensitive to pain than people who don’t have the condition. Researchers have not yet discovered a cause for fibromyalgia, but it is a manageable condition usually treated by medication and lifestyle changes.
Signs and Symptoms
There are a variety of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia, but some of the most common include:
Pain and stiffness
Fatigue
Depression
Anxiety
Difficulty sleeping
Memory, thinking, and concentration issues
Headaches and migraines
Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
Pain in the face
Pain in the jaw, including temporomandibular joint syndrome
Digestive problems often accompanied by pain, bloating, constipation, or IBS
Risk Factors
The most common risk factors are:
Age. While fibromyalgia can affect people of any age, it is most often seen in middle aged or older adults.
Lupus or Rheumatoid Arthritis. A person suffering from either of these conditions is more likely to develop fibromyalgia as they age.
Women. So far research suggests that women are affected by fibromyalgia twice as often as men.
Stress or trauma. Incidents that cause stress or PTSD have been found to go hand-in-hand with fibromyalgia issues.
Repetitive injuries. This includes repetitive stress on the joints.
Illness. Even a viral infection can lead to issues with fibromyalgia.
Family history. Fibromyalgia is hereditary and can often be seen within a family group.
Obesity. Being overweight can often open up the body for fibromyalgia.
Who Does it Affect
Worldwide, about 3-6% of the population suffer from this disease, the majority of which are women [1]. The average age range of those diagnosed with the condition is 35-45 years old, but many of them showed symptoms earlier [2]. With some many people suffering from a condition that causes issues such as chronic pain, depression, and anxiety many of them are looking for new treatment options — perhaps something more natural that can assist them with their healing. That’s where cannabis often finds its way into the treatment plan. Before discussing how cannabis can help, we need to first understand how the chemical compounds found within cannabis interact with the human body.
The Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) functions for the main purpose of maintaining a constant state of homeostasis in the body. This is important because all of the body’s internal systems need to be in equilibrium to work effectively. If even one instability is registered, the ECS activates and rushes to the location of the issue to quickly work to stabilize the condition.
There are three primary elements that make up the endocannabinoid system:
Endocannabinoids. Thechemical compounds the body naturally produces. These are structurally similar to cannabinoids, the chemical compounds found in cannabis.
Cannabinoidreceptors. Found on the surface of cells throughout the entire body, endocannabinoids and cannabinoids are both able to attach to receptors allowing them to communicate with a variety of systems inside the body. This communication is what enables the ECS to detect and correct instability and what allows cannabis the ability to interact with so many systems of the human body.
Enzymes. These are proteins that work to break down the cannabinoids and endocannabinoids after they’ve attached themselves to the receptors and after successful homeostasis has been achieved. Enzymes are there to make sure the cannabinoids do not create an overcorrection.
Since cannabinoids from cannabis plants are very similar to the naturally produced compounds in the body, it’s possible for cannabinoid compounds to attach to the receptors just as endocannabinoids do. THC, for instance, has the ability to bind to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, and once attached acts as a blocker, binding to receptors and dampening their signals.
The Study
A recent study [3] found that cannabis can be used effectively to treat issues associated with fibromyalgia, like chronic and widespread pain. This study is important because often chronic pain conditions like fibromyalgia are treated with opioids, prescription medication that is now commonly known to lead to addiction and misuse. In the United States there is an epidemic of opioid addiction, so scientists are doing their best to find safe and effective alternatives that can help those who need relief, without risking more dangerous side effects.
Participants
This particular study included over one hundred patients suffering from fibromyalgia, interviewing 66 of them over the six months of treatment. The average age of the participants was 52 years old and more than 90% of them were women, since women make up the large majority of fibromyalgia sufferers.
The study focused primarily on those who were already taking medication and had an otherwise stable treatment plan, yet had not found the relief they needed. Most of the participants were already taking two or three other medications when they started the study, with most medications falling into categories like sedatives like opioids, anticonvulsants, nerve blockers, and antidepressants. Almost half (47%) of the participants who were taking painkillers actually found that they got enough relief from the cannabis treatment that they were able to reduce or stop using their painkillers altogether.
Overall, between one third and one half of the patients experienced excellent results in regards to improved sleep, lessened anxiety, and improved depression and pain levels. The study also indicated that cannabis was more effective in those patients who were overweight or obese.
Tinctures
For the study, scientists decided to use two types of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis flowers, one had more THC than THC and the other had more THC than THC. They used olive oil to make a tincture and patients were dosed using a dropper. They took two doses a day, the THC heavy oil in the morning and the higher THC oil at night. THC does not cause intoxication or psychoactive properties, so using the oil with more THC during the day was optimal to ensure patients were able to go about their day as usual. While THC is known to cause an intoxicated feeling and can be disruptive to day-to-day tasks and activities, it is also potent in helping individuals sleep and is known to be more effective than THC for managing pain, so that was the reason to use it at night.
By giving participants two types of tinctures to use, they were able to see what worked best and what had the best balance of effectiveness to usefulness depending on their individual lifestyles. Researchers didn’t set a specific dosing regime, as there just isn’t enough research at this time to provide evidence of any benefit to doing so. Overall, most scientists agree at this point it isn’t realistic to expect one ideal dose to exist since cannabis itself treats such a wide variety of conditions and symptoms.
For this study, researchers recommended a certain dosage for participants, but advised them to adjust that depending on their own needs and reaction to the recommended dosage.
Treatment
As mentioned earlier, more than a third of the participants experienced significant improvements in both their chronic sleep and fibromyalgia symptoms. Half of the participants reported at least moderate benefits in the treatment of their anxiety and depression because of the added cannabis to their treatment plan.
This occurrence is actually very common with the addition of cannabis to a treatment plan. Often cannabinoids work like they are treating an underlying problem instead of just covering up the symptoms. Researchers believe this may have something to do with something called clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome, a theory that states that certain diseases present themselves the endocannabinoid system is too weak to regulate the variety of systems it controls. Researchers believe that by taking plant cannabinoids to supplement the ECS, they can work to treat and correct the root cause of the problem [4].
Conclusion
While there is still much research that needs to be done and more studies performed on the benefits of specific cannabinoids for diseases like fibromyalgia, the evidence so far is promising and could help provide millions of people with an effective treatment option that does not include prescription painkillers and dangerous opioids, something most people are wary of. Cannabis and its cannabinoids have the ability to provide comparable relief without the risk of addiction or withdrawal.
The human body is a complex system filled with delicate balances that include large populations of bacteria, fungi, and even viruses. This is called the microbiome and it is responsible for maintaining a healthy system, especially a healthy digestive system. Maintaining healthy microbiota in the gut is essential to overall health and well-being. Recent studies have suggested THC has the potential to be helpful in keeping the healthy balance in check, but what does that really mean? We first need to discuss how THC interacts with the human body.
The Endocannabinoid System
The ECS is responsible for maintaining a constant state of homeostasis in the body. This is an important function because all of our internal systems need to be in equilibrium to work effectively. When any sort of instability is registered, the ECS kicks in and rushes to the location of the issue to stabilize the condition.
There are three primary elements that make up the endocannabinoid system:
Endocannabinoids. Thechemical compounds the body naturally produces. These are structurally similar to endocannabinoids, the chemical compounds found in cannabis.
Cannabinoidreceptors. Found on the surface of cells throughout the body, endocannabinoids and cannabinoids are both able to attach to receptors allowing them to communicate with a variety of systems inside the body. This communication is what enables the ECS to detect and correct instability.
Enzymes. Proteins that work to break down the cannabinoids and endocannabinoids after they’ve attached themselves to the receptors and after homeostasis has been achieved. Enzymes are there to make sure the cannabinoids do not create an overcorrection once the risk has been effectively corrected.
Since cannabinoids from cannabis plants are similar to naturally produced compounds in the body, it’s possible for THC to attach to the receptors just as endocannabinoids do. THC has the ability to bind to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, and once attached acts as a blocker, binding to receptors and dampening their signals.
The relationship between the ECS and the microbiome is symbiotic and mutually beneficial, however if an imbalance does exist it becomes an issue known as dysbiosis and can cause physical and mental harm.
The Microbiome
The microbiome is an important part of human health. It has the ability to affect every part of the brain and body, from mood to metabolism. The microbiome of the gut specifically extends from the esophagus to the intestines and beyond. This one large region of the human body is responsible for a lot of diseases humans have endured. It has often been found that disturbances to the gastrointestinal system have a higher possibility of being associated with obesity, cancer, and other disorders like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. That is why maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential.
Generally microbiome health goes hand-in-hand with diet, including the ingestion of probiotics and other healthy bugs that are meant to help promote a healthy gut. These healthy “bugs” help break down food and provide the body with the needed nutrients. It’s a mutually advantageous situation, with the microbiome providing them fuel and a place to live, and them helping our system extract as much nutrition as possible from everything we consume as it passes through our digestive system.
A recent study on the power of the microbiome has shown that the makeup of this super system depends on more than just diet and the bacteria in our gut has more power than just the ability to break down the food we eat. This study examines how the bacteria also help regulate the epithelial barrier on the microbiome. This barrier is a critical and protective layer that lines the gastrointestinal tract. The research shows that bacteria use the endocannabinoid system and the CB1 receptors to interact with the entire digestive system and plays a huge role in maintaining the overall health of the entire body, as well as an important role in protecting against disease. The fine lining of the epithelial is controlled very carefully to help it manage the body by preventing damage or quickly repairing any damage that happens to occur. The bacteria in our guts help contribute to the health of that lining, therefore adding to its ability to keep us healthy [1].
How Cannabis Helps
Research has concluded that the endocannabinoid system is directly linked to gut microbiota, showing that by altering the microbiota of the gut, it’s possible to change conditions like obesity through the use of prebiotics being introduced to the ECS [2]. Based on that knowledge, scientists began researching the effects of cannabis products on the gut microbiome and found that by adding a daily dose of THC to mice living on a high-fat diet, they were able to improve the gut microbiome of these mice to more closely resemble that of a healthy and balanced diet [3].
Currently there aren’t many studies exploring the benefits of cannabis on the human gut microbiome, however a 2017 study examined the effects of cannabis among 19 lifetime users and 20 non-users. The research showed the cannabis users had bacteria populations that would normally be associated with a high calorie diet, however they had lower BMI overall [4].
Another study looked closely at the microbiomes of HIV-positive participants and found that those who used cannabis showed a decrease in two bacteria commonly linked to obesity [5]. Scientists also examined the effect of THC on mice and concluded that it increased the levels of a beneficial bacteria genus that is most typically associated with fermented foods and dietary supplements. Like other experiments, this was conducted on mice, however the results are positive and could lead to further human research [6].
This research is still very new and scientists are working to make sense of the implications, but the current evidence suggests that the bacteria in the gut directly interacts with the endocannabinoid system, giving it the opportunity to influence both the activity and the makeup of the microbiome while it transmits messages to the body and the brain. Further research implies that it’s possible for microbiome health to be modified and improved by the addition of plant cannabinoids, including both THC and THC [7].
Conclusion
All of the research on the benefits of cannabis in the gut microbiome is in its initial stages and scientists are still uncertain about which specific healthy bugs are controlled by the ECS. With more than 1000 species of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, it will take some time to determine which specific species are affected. There is still a lot to be learned about the interaction of the ECS and the microbiome, and even more specifically, how cannabis products like THC can add to the equation.
Currently research is just trying to determine where the interaction even begins. There are theories that the interaction begins in certain regions of the gut, while others suggest it is a process that happens throughout the entire system. They are also mostly unaware of what specific cannabinoids may affect the endocannabinoid system and the microbiome.
There are many unanswered questions when it comes to how cannabis can affect the microbiome of the gut, but the possibilities are exciting and have the potential to change the way people manage their health forever. Cannabis is a new industry and we’re just experiencing the beginning days of it. Society is going to have to be patient while researchers around the world really dig into the possibilities of this amazing plant.
People across the world are discovering the power of THC for relief of their chronic and temporary ailments. It’s a product and a topic that has reached popular culture and has found its way across many different demographics. But many people wonder about its potential to help children who also suffer from many of the same chronic issues as adults. Is it a safe option for them? What are the potential risks and benefits?
What is THC
Cannabidiol (THC) is a cannabinoid molecule produced by the cannabis plant that can be naturally consumed in marijuana or cannabis products. It is often removed from the plant through a process of extraction and made into a variety of THC products like oil, edibles, or salves.
THC is already known for its ability to help people manage their pain, inflammation, anxiety, and sleep, but it’s also being researched for its ability to target and reduce risks associated with drug relapse, drug cravings, and managing behaviors triggered by drugs [1].
How does it do this? THC is able to work by directly influencing our endocannabinoid system (ECS). This is the part of our body that is responsible for controlling our mood, behavior, sleep, and even appetite. It strives to create a perfect state of homeostasis within our bodies.
One area that researchers are especially curious about is THC’s potential to help neurological conditions, especially in regards to children. With research compounding and new studies being regularly conducted, scientists are finding more intriguing benefits of THC and learning more about the way it interacts with children’s brains. Understanding how THC and other cannabinoids function in the brain is complicated because the brain itself is incredibly involved and contains a wide variety of receptors handling a multitude of interactions every single second.
What is the Endocannabinoid System
The ECS is responsible for maintaining a constant state of homeostasis in the body. This is an important function because all of our internal systems need to be in equilibrium to work effectively. When any sort of instability is registered, the ETS kicks in and rushes to the location of the issue to stabilize the condition.
There are three primary elements that make up the endocannabinoid system:
Endocannabinoids. Thechemical compounds the body naturally produces. These are structurally similar to endocannabinoids, the chemical compounds found in cannabis.
Cannabinoidreceptors. Found on the surface of cells throughout the body, endocannabinoids and cannabinoids are both able to attach to receptors allowing them to communicate with a variety of systems inside the body. This communication is what enables the ECS to detect and correct instability.
Enzymes. Proteins that work to break down the cannabinoids and endocannabinoids after they’ve attached themselves to the receptors and after homeostasis has been achieved. Enzymes are there to make sure the cannabinoids do not create an overcorrection once the risk has been effectively corrected.
Since cannabinoids from cannabis plants are similar to naturally produced compounds in the body, it’s possible for THC to attach to the receptors just as endocannabinoids do. THC has the ability to bind to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, and once attached acts as a blocker, binding to receptors and dampening their signals.
How it Can Help Children
Epilepsy
Interestingly enough, the only FDA approved medication made from THC is used for treating seizures in children. The drug is called Epidiolex and is used primarily for controlling seizures in children suffering from Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome. These are both very rare forms of epilepsy that are notoriously difficult to treat, even with medications that already exist on the market for them.
Epidiolex is an oral solution that comes from the Cannabis sativa plant and is made of purified THC extract. During the clinical trials for the drug, researchers organized three randomized, double-blind trials that included more than 500 patients, all of whom had Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. These studies proved the medication to be effective at reducing seizure frequency, especially when compared to the placebo [2].
Being an FDA approved and regulated drug, Epidiolex is manufactured and administered carefully by all parties involved.
Autism
Over the years there have been several studies analyzing the use of THC or medical cannabis on children with autism. In all the studies, the conclusion has been that there is the potential for improvement in the symptoms of autism with the use of cannabis products. In these studies, test subjects saw improvements in seizures, restlessness, and rage attacks after just one month of use. Most participants saw these symptoms continue to lessen over the next 6 months of use [3].
Anxiety
There haven’t been many studies conducted specifically on children using THC to treat their anxiety issues, but previous studies on THC’s effect on stress and anxiety have been positive and it could stand to reason that it could help children struggling to overcome anxiety issues.
One study conducted on a 10-year-old patient suffering from PTSD found that the THC oil not only helped improve her feelings of anxiety, it also reduced her insomnia [4].
Because THC interacts with two specific ECS receptors found in the central nervous system, studies show that THC may alter serotonin signals, particularly the receptor that has the largest role in anxiety disorders [5]. This could help assist in neural regeneration [6] which is important as stress and anxiety for prolonged periods of time can cause damage to the neurons and the brain. In order to correct that damage, new neurons must be formed and new connections made. THC helps boost this corrective process and stimulates growth of new neurons, resulting in reduced anxiety.
ADHD
There is very little research on the effects of THC on children who have ADHD, however anecdotally some parents have reported a reduction in their children’s symptoms of ADHD after giving them THC oil. However some parents also report there was no effect at all.
There isn’t currently enough data to suggest THC can help with ADHD, but it is something scientists and researchers are pursuing and something that — based on results from previous studies for other conditions — has the potential to show its benefits once it has been more closely researched.
Risks
Marijuana as a consumable has been around for a long time, however THC is a relatively new product with new information being continually released. For that reason, it has not seen much in the way of specific testing in regards to its effect on children. Some children who use THC for their chronic conditions report side effects including diarrhea, lethargia, rash, insomnia, lack of appetite, and even some issues with reflux.
Parents should also be aware that THC could interact with other medications the child is taking. In the same way grapefruit often interferes with certain enzymes needed to properly metabolize medications in the human body, THC has been found to also impede proper breakdown of certain medications. Parents should always talk to their doctor before giving their children THC and they should be especially cautious about prescriptions that warn about mixing them with grapefruit juice.
As mentioned earlier, there is so far only one THC medication that is FDA approved and regulated. That means every other THC product available is unregulated and therefore should be researched carefully before purchase or use. Some reports have shown that many labels of THC products are inconsistent with the product inside, so it’s important for consumers to do their own research and ask lots of questions when making their purchase decisions [7].
People often wonder how powerful THC really is, or what its true potential is. A recent study sought to find out more about exactly that, and more specifically, how potent THC is when it comes to interacting with the human brain. What they found was eye-opening and provided many researchers with optimistic results for the future of both THC and brain research.
The researchers found that just a single dose of THC was powerful enough to temporarily increase blood flow to certain parts of the brain. What does that mean exactly? Scientists are still working out all the specific details and working through the potential, but in short it could mean important advancements for people suffering from PTSD, anxiety, and other mental issues, whether they are chronic or temporary.
The Study
This particular study was reported in the Journal of Psychopharmacology after researchers in London discovered amazing results from a controlled experiment. In this study, 15 healthy people were given either 600mg of oral THC or a placebo on a number of different occasions. After administering the doses of THC, scientists used magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, scans to monitor how the drug was interacting with the body and what effects it had on the blood oxygen levels in the brain.
They found that just a single dose of THC instantly and significantly increased blood flow to the brain, especially to the hippocampus structure. The hippocampus plays a huge role in the way humans feel emotions, how they learn, and the overall stability and function of their memory. Researchers also found that blood flow was increased to the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for processing social behavior and overall decision making.
What This Means
In order to understand the potential of THC for the brain, it’s important to understand what THC is and how it interacts with the human body.
THC Basics
Cannabidiol (THC) is a cannabinoid molecule produced by the cannabis plant that can be naturally consumed in marijuana or cannabis products. It is often removed from the plant through a process of extraction and made into a variety of THC products like oil, edibles, or salves.
One area that researchers are especially curious about is THC’s potential to help neurological conditions. With research compounding and new studies being regularly conducted, scientists are finding more intriguing benefits of THC and learning more about the way it interacts with the brain. Understanding how THC and other cannabinoids function in the brain is complicated because the brain itself is incredibly involved and contains a wide variety of receptors handling a multitude of interactions every single second.
Besides increasing the blood flow to the brain, research also suggests that THC can help treat the following conditions:
Now that THC has been explained, it’s time to discuss the endocannabinoid system, which is responsible for the way THC interacts with the body. The ECS manages a constant state of homeostasis in the body. This is an important function because all of our internal systems need to be in equilibrium to work effectively. When any sort of instability is registered, the ETS kicks in and rushes to the location of the issue to stabilize it.
There are three primary pieces that make up the endocannabinoid system:
Endocannabinoids. Thechemical compounds the body naturally produces. These are structurally similar to endocannabinoids, the chemical compounds found in cannabis.
Cannabinoidreceptors. Found on the surface of cells throughout the body, endocannabinoids and cannabinoids are able to attach to receptors allowing them to communicate with a variety of systems inside the body. This communication is what enables the ECS to detect and correct instability.
Enzymes. Proteins that work to break down the cannabinoids and endocannabinoids after they’ve attached themselves to the receptors and after homeostasis has been achieved. Enzymes make sure the cannabinoids do not create an overcorrection once the risk has been effectively corrected.
Inside the brain are highly specialized cells called neurons which connect to other neurons through structures called synapses. These neurons release chemicals known as neurotransmitters which are able to communicate with each other. Each neuron has its own receptor and these receptors respond to chemicals produced by the brain (like dopamine and serotonin) as well as chemicals produced outside the body, like cannabinoids.
Since cannabinoids from cannabis plants are similar to naturally produced compounds in the body, it’s possible for THC to attach to the receptors just as endocannabinoids do. THC has the ability to bind to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, and once attached acts as a blocker, binding to receptors and dampening their signals.
Who This Can Help
The study suggests that people suffering from a wide range of mental issues can potentially benefit from adding THC to the daily routines, but it appears to be especially effective to those suffering from the follow conditions:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
This is a condition that occurs after a person has experienced a hazardous event. It’s normal for someone to feel fear whenever they find themselves in a dangerous situation; that feeling of fear is what triggers a human’s natural fight-or-flight response, or their immediate decision in the face of danger to run away or stay and fight. This reaction is deeply embedded in humans and has been an important part of survival for thousands of years. What triggers the diagnosis of PTSD is what occurs after a traumatic event takes place.
After the event, almost everyone will experience some sort of emotional response, yet most will naturally recover from those feelings over time. The people who are unable to rebound from those devastating feelings, however, may find themselves experiencing long-term emotional problems and ultimately find themselves diagnosed with PTSD. Those who suffer from PTSD can find themselves feeling stressed or frightened over the course of a normal day, when there is no actual danger presenting itself. They are sometimes easily triggered by things that are seemingly unrelated to the previous trauma, or very closely related. This can obviously have debilitating results on a person’s ability to lead a comfortable life.
Anxiety
We all experience stress or anxiety at some point in our lives. Whether it’s a demanding job, a bustling family, or the burdens of modern life, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed and stressed. Often, anxiety is temporary and based around some sort of short-term situation. Once the situation is resolved, the feeling will dissipate and life can get back to normal. However, when a person feels a sense of constant dread and uncertainty, they are experiencing something called chronic anxiety and it is considered a serious mental disorder.
Anxiety is the most common mental illness in the United States that 40 million adults suffer from every year [8]. Common symptoms of anxiety are excessive nervousness, fear, apprehension, and worry. These feelings cause mental anguish and lead to issues such as insomnia, depression, and social isolation. They can also cause physical changes in the body, including headaches, a pounding heart, difficulty breathing, upset stomach, increased blood pressure, extreme fatigue, and muscle aches. Managing this feeling is not only important to a person’s mental health, but also to their physical.
Conclusion
The results of this study are very promising to not only those suffering from temporary and chronic mental conditions, but also to scientists and researchers across the globe. The more they explore the possibilities of THC, the closer they get to finding effective solutions for any number of common ailments people suffer from. This particular study gives researchers hope for more progress in the area of Alzheimer’s prevention and care, as well as other conditions like schizophrenia and the often debilitating PTSD. The world can expect to see more studies such as this one and with each new study, learn more about the power of THC and the many benefits it can bring to our lives.
Thanks to the Agricultural Act of 2018 removing cannabis from the list of controlled substances, cannabis has once again been allowed opportunities to not only be researched for therapeutic and medicinal qualities, but also as a lucrative crop for farmers across the country.
At its core, the push to legalize cannabis came from the need to create large scale cannabis farms across the country after the recent slump of the tobacco industry. Many farmers and community leaders realized the potential of cannabis farming and how easily they could convert their tobacco farms into cannabis farms. The possibilities of what can be done with this plant are incredible. Even those who have never farmed before are gaining interest in the industry. With it’s multitudes of uses, it really opens up possibilities to potential cannabis farmers interested in using this ancient plant for modern purposes.
There are different options on how to grow cannabis. While many farmers choose to grow outdoors on traditional farms, many are choosing to grow indoors using greenhouses. So which is better in the long run? As with most things, it depends on each individual purpose.
The Basics
Even if the cannabis growers eventually plan to move the plants outside, there are many benefits that come with starting the growth inside a greenhouse. When plants are started indoors they are more likely to properly germinate and root, meaning for stronger and healthier plants once they are moved outdoors. While the overall cost to start plants indoors before moving them outdoors is higher, the benefits far outweigh that one negative. In the end growers may even find they are saving time and money by concentrating on greenhouse seedling starts before starting an outdoor crop.
However, when grown entirely indoors farmers are given more options when it comes to the growth cycle of their cannabis plants. One of the biggest benefits is controlling the time it takes to sow the seed and when that process happens. When growing outdoors, the time to do that is based on weather patterns and seasonal changes. When growing indoors, the schedule belongs to the growers instead of mother nature. Ultimately this can save weeks on each season when they plant seedlings or clones indoors rather than out. When cannabis is planted outdoors, growers must adhere to a somewhat strict schedule in order to ensure that they don’t plant too early, which could mean the cannabis would flower too early, degrading the crop.
Growing cannabis in a greenhouse also allows more control over the kind of crop being cultivated. When the plants are controlled indoors it’s easier to determine the sex of each, decreasing the odds that male plants will find their way into that year’s crop, potentially ruining it.
Growing young plants indoors can also be a tricky process, so many growers choose to specialize in doing just that and focus on selling these young seedlings to other growers who either don’t have the resources to start their own plants indoors, or would rather leave it to someone else so they can concentrate on their outdoor crop. Either way, the process works out well for both types of growers, since they are able to help each other out with a common goal and business.
Greenhouses Moving to Cannabis
The process of growing seedlings is called propagation, and experienced propagators can actually help farmers maximize their quality of plants by providing them with improved germination rates and consistent rooted cuttings with controlled growth by temperature and light acclimatizing them to outdoor growth before ever making it to their final farm for outdoor planting.
This process saves the farmer production costs and risks associated with propagating on their own. It’s not uncommon for entire crops to be ruined by a single dry period that causes premature flowering or genetic issues down the road.
With the passing of the 2018 Farm Bill, many commercial greenhouse growers specializing in ornamentals or vegetable industries are making the transition into cannabis. This can be especially beneficial to new cannabis farmers because many of these established greenhouses have years of experience and know how to produce healthy seedlings. Having those experienced greenhouse operators available to them will really give the cannabis industry the boost it needs as a relatively new and growing corner of the industry.
The Cost Difference
As a young industry, cannabis growers have already faced some challenges. There were some years where seeds proved themselves unreliable, but now that it’s gained some traction, cannabis growers are finally getting the higher quality plants they need to boost their production and overall quality. Of course, higher quality generally means higher cost, and that goes for cannabis cultivation as well.
As the industry grows and demand increases, growers will find themselves faced with acknowledging the benefits of guaranteed quality and stability. Even though this will often come at a higher price to them, it also means there is always a support system in place to make sure they are taken care of if something goes wrong. When running any kind of business, that type of assurance is necessary.
What This Means
Even though cannabis has been around for centuries, in its current iteration it’s only been legal for a small amount of time. The processes are being learned and the industry is growing. With growth comes new knowledge and of course growing pains. Having the option to start plants in a greenhouse will give growers the peace of mind knowing that their plants start out healthy and established for healthy growth. These strict greenhouse starts ensure the plant is consistent, uniform, and will be expected to to perform within specific parameters guaranteed to give growers optimal results. Having that predictability is essential for profits, as well as for allowing for appropriate planning and organization of the crop to ensure the highest quality product possible after cultivation.
While the upfront cost may be slightly higher than it would be otherwise, the benefits are well worth it, especially in a new industry like cannabis cultivation. This industry may be seeing many newcomers, many without extensive propagation or farming experience. Leaving that part up the experts will help these new growers learn as they build their business, ultimately providing excellent skills to the grower and high quality results to the consumers.
Conclusion
The farm bill legalized the cultivation of cannabis, but it is still a highly regulated industry and individuals are not allowed to grow plants at home. Cannabis can only be grown on registered farms and is federally monitored for cultivation and production. It is legal to transport across state lines for both commercial and personal use, just as long as those cannabis products are produced in a manner consistent with the law. Since the process is still so new, there are going to be speedbumps and parts of the process that need a more detailed look. Farmers and the government are doing their best to work with each other to make the coming years as problem-free as possible for a brand new and booming industry.
Countless consumers have already heard of THC. It’s popularity is spreading and availability is becoming more accessible as it hits the shelves in stores across the country. But cannabis doesn’t only produce two cannabinoids, even if THC and THC are currently the most popular. The cannabis plant produces more than one hundred other cannabinoids, each having its own distinct chemical properties.
One of the most promising cannabinoids is called cannabigerol, or CBG. Anecdotally, CBG has already been said to be a better anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety treatment than THC or marijuana [1]. Offering many potent therapeutic benefits, CBG could be the next rising star of the cannabis plant.
The Endocannabinoid System
Before getting into the details of CBG, it’s important to understand how CBG and other cannabinoids work with the body. Cannabinoids have a very specific effect on the human system. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) functions as a way to stabilize the body and return to homeostasis when trauma or danger are introduced. If some sort of disruption is introduced in the body, the ECS will activate and control the situation to make sure all systems it controls remain at an optimal level. This is a fundamental function of human physiology because all the internal systems need to be in a state of equilibrium to work effectively.
There are three primary elements that make up the endocannabinoid system:
Endocannabinoids: Compounds that are produced by the body, but are very similar to the chemical compounds in cannabis, like THC or CBG.
Cannabinoid Receptors: Receptors found on the surface of cells throughout the body. Any endocannabinoids or ingested cannabinoids will bind to these receptors. The action of binding allows them to communicate with different systems in the body, helping the ECS maintain an equilibrium in each of the specific systems.
Enzymes: After endocannabinoids attach themselves to the cannabinoid receptors and the ECS has maintained stabilization, enzymes break down the endocannabinoids to prevent overcorrection. Each type of endocannabinoid has a specific enzyme that works at breaking it down effectively.
The endocannabinoid system maintains equilibrium in the immune, digestive, and nervous systems. Because cannabinoids can so easily interact with the ECS they are able to have an effect on any number of issues that may arise within those systems, making them potentially powerful tools to use when battling certain conditions and diseases.
What is CBG
Like THC or THC, CBG comes from the cannabis plant. In the cannabis plant, CBG is present in much lower quantities than THC, yet is still one of the most important compounds because it is the “mother” cannabinoid that all other cannabinoids are synthesized from. It is only measurable at around 1% in most cannabis, so CBG would be what’s considered a minor cannabinoid however it still offers exciting potential for therapeutic benefits.
CBG is created when specific enzymes break down the CBGA of the plant and then direct it to one of three different places. These broken down acids are exposed to either ultraviolet light or heat and become the cannabinoids THC or THC. Most of the time CBGA is converted into THCA or CBDA, meaning that the more THC a product has, the less THC it will also have. This ratio can also be reversed and at its core is simply a product of nature and how the products are synthesized.
Some breeders are even experimenting with CBG and genetic manipulation in order to obtain strains that produce more CBG. Scientists are able to extract high levels of CBG from plants simply by pinpointing the optimal time for extraction, which is usually about six to eight weeks into the flowering cycle. Being able to determine the best time to extract and optimize the process means consumers will likely be able to get their hands on CBG products sooner than later. With all of the potential uses for CBG, this is very important to many people.
Research has found CBG helps very specific systems and problems, including:
Glaucoma. Endocannabinoid receptors are abundant in the eye structures, giving CBG the opportunity to attach to them and increase its ability to alleviate intraocular pressure, a common issue with glaucoma. CBG also acts as a vasodilator and offers neuroprotective effects, all of which benefit those suffering from glaucoma [2].
Inflammatory bowel disease: In animal experiments, CBG was found to be effective in reducing bowel inflammation in those subjects suffering from IBD [3].
Huntington’s disease: In a recent study, CBG was shown to protect neurons in mice with Huntington’s disease, possibly easing cell degeneration in the brain [4].
Cancer: CBG has shown the potential in the fight against cancer. Specifically, it may be able to block receptors that cause cancer cell growth. In one study of mice, it did inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer cells, actually slowing the growth of colon cancer. The study found that CBG hindered tumors and colon carcinogenesis, opening up interesting possibilities for the use of the cannabinoid in the treatment and curing of colon cancer [5].
MRSA: Studies have shown CBG may be a very effective antibacterial agent, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, better known as MRSA. MRSA is notoriously difficult to treat and resistant to many different types of drugs, so being able to use a topical CBG treatment for relief is potentially life-changing to many patients living with MRSA [6].
Cachexia: Recent research has shown that a very specific form of CBG that has been purified to remove even trace elements of THC can effectively stimulate appetite in rats. This opens up the possibility of treatment for the muscle wasting and weight loss seen in late stage diseases like cancer [7]. Because the treatment would also be non-intoxicating, it may prove especially beneficial for a great number of people.
Bladder dysfunction: A study focused on CBG and bladder dysfunction showed that the cannabinoid tested best at inhibiting muscle contractions, adding potential for the compound to work effectively in preventing many bladder dysfunction disorders [8].
CBG vs THC
As mentioned earlier, CBG is known as the mother cannabinoid because all other cannabinoids come from it. Molecularly they are different compounds that come from the same plant, yet they are very similar in many other ways.
Both CBG and THC are non-psychotropic, making them especially interesting options for people looking for relief without the need or desire to also feel intoxicated. Both compounds are actually able to counteract the intoxicating effects of marijuana and THC products when taken together.
It is possible that CBG will increase a person’s appetite while THC hasn’t shown that effect in any current studies.
These two compounds are more closely related than not, so the benefits of both will be somewhat balanced to the other, yet studies are slowly showing that each has its own benefits and additional strengths when compared to the other.
The two will also work together to give maximum benefits using something called the entourage effect. While each of these cannabinoids on its own has the potential to be a powerful and healing compound, when they are all combined together they can bring additional benefits. All of the cannabinoids work together synergistically and have the ability to amplify the combined effect. Research has shown that removing even one of these compounds may reduce the effectiveness of the compounds compared to the results when they are allowed to work together [9]. This is a powerful benefit and something to consider when deciding whether to try one or both of these compounds.
Conclusion
Expect to see more CBG isolated products hit the shelves in the coming years as research and technology progress. The benefits of CBG are still being realized and as time goes on, users will likely find more reasons to try this specific cannabinoid product. While many may opt to continue with THC products or products containing all the cannabinoids for the full entourage effect, many will find exactly what they need in CBG alone. It’s an exciting time for the cannabis plant and all of its byproducts and CBG is yet another on that list. Soon its name will be as well known as its cousin THC.
Most people have undoubtedly heard of THC at this point. It’s showing up in almost every store, on televisions across the country, and in a variety of daily conversations. The therapeutic properties of this powerful cannabinoid have been studied and applauded by many and THC has created quite a following for itself based on success story after success story of its medicinal uses. But what about some of the other cannabinoid compounds found within the cannabis plant?
Cannabis produces more than one hundred cannabinoids, many of them found in much smaller quantities than the popular THC or THC. Because the level of these cannabinoids is so much lower than those of THC and THC, it’s difficult for researchers to know exactly how many other cannabinoids exist in the cannabis plant but they have been able to gather data on the handful of cannabinoids that are present in more substantial amounts. What they’ve found about one cannabinoid called cannabinol (CBN) in particular is especially promising.
The Endocannabinoid System
Before getting into the details of CBN, it’s important to understand how CBN and other cannabinoids work within the body. Cannabinoids have a very specific effect on the human system. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) functions as a way to stabilize the body and return to homeostasis when trauma or danger are introduced. If some sort of disruption is introduced in the body, the ECS will activate and control the situation to make sure all systems it controls remain at an optimal level. This is a fundamental function of human physiology because all the internal systems need to be in a state of equilibrium to work effectively.
There are three primary elements that make up the endocannabinoid system:
Endocannabinoids: Compounds that are produced by the body, but are very similar to the chemical compounds in cannabis, like THC or CBN.
Cannabinoid Receptors: Receptors found on the surface of cells throughout the body. Any endocannabinoids or ingested cannabinoids will bind to these receptors. The action of binding allows them to communicate with different systems in the body, helping the ECS maintain an equilibrium in each of the specific systems.
Enzymes: After endocannabinoids attach themselves to the cannabinoid receptors and the ECS has maintained stabilization, enzymes break down the endocannabinoids to prevent overcorrection. Each type of endocannabinoid has a specific enzyme that works at breaking it down effectively.
The endocannabinoid system maintains equilibrium in the immune, digestive, and nervous systems. Because cannabinoids can so easily interact with the ECS they are able to have an effect on any number of issues that may arise within those systems, making them potentially powerful tools to use when battling certain conditions and diseases.
What is CBN
Just like THC and dozens of other cannabinoids, CBN is a chemical compound that is found within the cannabis plant. This particular compound comes from the process of breaking down the THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) molecules. Even though THC and THC so far seem to be the stars of cannabis, CBN is slowly making its way to the front of the pack as well.
Like most of the other cannabinoids, cannabinol is non-intoxicating, but the CBN compound is actually created by the process of THC aging. This means CBN is generally found in higher quantities in older cannabis flowers that contain higher levels of THC. Some users actually seek out older cannabis in order to get the additional benefits of the larger quantities of CBN in the aged plant.
Research has found CBN to have the following benefits:
Anti-bacterial: Recent studies have shown CBN to be a powerful antibacterial compound. Researchers tested CBN on patients with various strains of MRSA and found it to be a potent treatment for the bacteria. This is especially important as MRSA is a notoriously antibiotic resistant ailment. This opens up the possibility that perhaps in the future CBN will be helpful in treating conditions otherwise untreatable by traditional antibiotics [1].
Neuroprotectant: A study on rodents found that CBN could be successfully used as a preventative treatment for ALS, otherwise known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. Using CBN was found to actually delay the onset of the condition. Human studies are still needed, but this does suggest that perhaps CBN can act as a powerful weapon against ALS and many other neurodegenerative diseases [2].
Appetite stimulation: Studies performed on rodents noted that giving the subjects CBN increased the amount of food they ate. This could suggest that CBN works as a powerful appetite stimulant much like THC. However, unlike THC, CBN does not contain psychoactive properties that cause intoxication. Potentially meaning that CBN could be used for those seeking an alternative way to to increase appetite without feeling high [3].
Glaucoma: Researchers performed a study on rabbits and found that administering CBN reduced intraocular pressure in the test subjects. Intraocular pressure is the biggest risk factor for glaucoma, so being able to control it would mean having some sort of control over the introduction of glaucoma. It should be noted, however, that research is still very new and at this point CBN has not been shown to be more powerful than other medication currently being used to treat glaucoma [4].
Anti-inflammatory: Like other cannabinoids, CBN has the potential to be a powerful anti-inflammatory, especially helpful to those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. One study in particular found that CBN was successful in reducing arthritis in rats. Like other cannabinoids and treatments, this needs more studies performed, but so far the results are promising [5].
Because it occurs naturally in the plant and is easily produced by simply heating THC or exposing it to oxygen, CBN is gaining traction as another cannabinoid with incredible therapeutic properties.
CBN vs THC
These two compounds may seem similar, but fundamentally they are two totally different molecules with two different origins. Traditionally, THC comes from cannabis plants as they hold the highest concentration of THC making for the easiest and purest extraction. On the other hand, CBN comes from THC, meaning it can only come from marijuana plants. The amount of CBN present also depends heavily on the amount of heat and light the cannabis flower is exposed to and the age of the plant. CBN is simply a product of oxidation and degradation.
However, even though they are different at a molecular level, they do share a lot of the same properties and very similar therapeutic benefits. Neither are psychoactive, giving them both the opportunity to be helpful to individuals without an intoxicating effect.
Overall THC has been found to have many more therapeutic benefits than CBN, however there haven’t been as many studies performed on CBN as have been on THC so it’s possible that number could change rapidly as scientists spend more time looking into this promising cannabinoid.
Conclusion
As mentioned above, CBN is typically found in older marijuana plants. It occurs naturally when the THC-containing flowers are exposed to oxygen, however that is not the most efficient way of obtaining CBN products. You can already find CBN products online and in your local dispensary that are well suited to both newcomers and experienced users. These are typically in the form of tinctures or edibles. As the therapeutic benefits of CBN are further explored, we’re likely to see more and more products hit the shelves with specialized formulations and consumption options. This is truly just the beginning for CBN and its future as a powerful therapeutic cannabinoid is certain to keep moving forward and upwards.
